WebMarie de' Medici became the second wife to King Henry IV of France in a marriage by proxy on 5 October 1600 by the power invested in her uncle, Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. WebThe Marie de' Medici Cycle is a series of twenty-four paintings by Peter Paul Rubens commissioned by Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry IV of France, for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. Kiera Cass. Jupiter accordingly signifies the allegory of Henry IV, the promiscuous husband. [27] The ship represents the state, now in operation as Louis steers the vessel. In 1616, the requirements of the Prince of Cond became so important that Marie had him arrested on 1 September and imprisoned him in the Bastille. Their only brother Philip de' Medici, was born on 20 May 1577. A sign of male strength in the history of imagery was their stance and exposed strong legs. More than once, the artistic license of the painter was curbed in order to portray Marie in the right light. 1989. People in the know also claimed that he was deeply in debt to the House of Medici in particular, and marrying into the family would turn his ledger into a blank slate. The upper half of the painting shows Marie and Henry as the mythological Roman gods Juno and Jupiter. The clergy played the role of arbiter between the Third Estate and the nobility who did not manage to get along: Civil lieutenant Henri de Mesmes declared that "all the Estates were brothers and children of a common mother, France", while one of the representatives of the nobility replied that he refused to be the brother of a child of a shoemaker or cobbler. [23], Jules Michelet also contributed to the denigration of Marie de Mdicis.[24]. Do you question the accuracy of a fact you just read? Want to tell us to write facts on a topic? Marie might have been grieving, but she wasnt motherless for long. Sadly, Henrys breathtaking acts of cruelty knew no bounds. Specifically, the statues of Fracesco and Ferdinando de Medici. One of these strategies was to personify Marie as Juno or Minerva. A rainbow extends from the left corner, a symbol of concord and peace. For her son King Louis XIII, this meddling was the very last straw. [8] The paintings are now displayed in the same order in the Louvre. For nearly two years, she was a virtual prisoner at the Chateau de Blois, and watched enviously as her son Louis took his rightful throne. Louvre 1929 - Histoire de Marie de Medicis.jpg 2,798 1,665; 1.6 MB. [118], The original commission for the Marie de' Medici cycle included a corresponding gallery illustrating the life of Henry IV that was never completed, although Rubens began work soon after he completed the Marie de' Medici cycle. The structure was designed to display a series of dramatic tableaux in tribute to her once she set foot on the floating island and entered its pavilion. [50], He [Rubens] surrounded her [Marie de' Medici] with such a wealth of appurtenances that at every moment she was very nearly pushed into the background. Rubens must have seen these paintings and therefore influenced his own style for depicting the Queen's mother. 1573, Florence, Italy; d. 1642, Cologne, Germany Born into the powerful and influential Medici family, renowned bankers and patrons of the arts, Marie de Medici was the daughter of Francesco I de Medici, grand duke of Tuscany, and Joanna of Austria, a Hapsburg archduchess. Marie de Mdicis, Britannica. She then returned to Paris, where she worked on the construction of her Luxembourg Palace. [104] The artist chose the high road, relying on Ripa's visual vernacular, to portray a scene where virtues defeat vices and embrace peaceful reconciliation making little more than an allusion to a vague political statement.[104]. [41] The painting displays an embellished Baroque collaboration of the spiritual and earthly relationships, which are illustrated in a theatrical environment. [79] Other figures include Fame and the personification of Austria with her lion. Princeton University Press. Rubens needed to be very careful in the representation of the couple's first meeting because allegedly Henry was very much involved with a mistress at the time of the marriage. The sixteen paintings that covered the long walls of the gallery measure about four meters tall by three meters wide, the three larger paintings at the end of the room are four meters high by seven meters wide. The Queen stands in a dignified manner, suggesting her poise in times of disarray, amongst a chaotic crowd of handmaidens and soldiers. Her education is given a divine grace by the presence of three gods Apollo, Athena, and Hermes. Twenty-one of the paintings depict Marie's own struggles and triumphs in life. Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFDelorme2003 (. She mostly quarreled with the matresse-en-titre Catherine de Balzac d'Entragues (whom Henry IV had allegedly promised he would marry following the death in 1599 of his former matresse-en-titre, Gabrielle d'Estres[12]) in a language that shocked French courtiers; also, it was said in court that Henry IV took Marie only for breeding purposes exactly as Henry II had treated Catherine de' Medici. To that end, she started an uprising against her own son, now King Louis XIII, using her old allies. Louis' mother, Marie, acted as his regent as commanded by the Frankish Salic law in case of an infant ruler. In June 1642, a bout of pleurisy hit her, and her whole life unraveledliterally. Unfortunately, it was far too late. The ambiguity of the figures was essentially used to depict Marie in a positive light. The temple defines itself, by also including a plaque above the niche that says "Securitati Augustae" or For the Security of the empress. Gortner, She was accompanied by the Grand Duchess of Tuscany and her sister, the Duchess of Mantua, into the welcoming, allegorical open arms of a personified France, wearing a helmet and the royal blue mantle with the golden fleur-de-lis. Honor de Balzac, in his essay Sur Catherine de Mdicis, encapsulated the Romantic generation's negative view. The Duke of Nevers then took the leadership of the nobility in revolt against the Queen. He praised her sweet and pleasing carriageand immediately took her to bed, natch. When Rubens was commissioned to paint the Marie de' Medici cycle, he was quite possibly the most famous and skilled artist in Northern Europe, and was especially appreciated for his monumental religious works, commissioned by various councils and churches in the area. After her sister's marriage in 1584 with Vincenzo Gonzaga, heir of the Duchy of Mantua, and her departure to her husband's homeland, Maria's only playmate was her first cousin Virginio Orsini, to whom she deferred all her affection. In the composition, Marie is depicted as much larger than her son and occupies much more space. Then, on May 13, 1610, he finally gave in and crowned heronly there was a disturbing reason behind this timing. [11] At this time, women did not in general receive such laudatory tributes, although Rubens, if anyone, was well equipped for the job, having a great respect for "the virtues of the opposite sex", as seen in his commissions for the Archduchess Isabella. In the end, Marie had to needle Henry for nearly a decade to give her a coronation. Sense some sinister foreshadowing here? There's something about the family structure that encourages secrets. The noble coalition was quickly defeated at the Battle of Ponts-de-C (7 August 1620) by Louis XIII, who forgave his mother and the princes. [26], This painting is a representation of a historical event in the life of the Queen where the King and the Queen were crowned at the basilica of Saint-Denis in Paris. To the left, the arms of the Medici can be seen above an arched structure, where a Knight of Malta stands in all of his regalia. After the "Day of the Dupes" (Journe des Dupes) of 1011 November 1630, Richelieu remained the principal minister, and the Queen Mother was constrained to be reconciled with him. As one of her first acts, Marie reconfirmed Henri IV's Edict of Nantes, which ordered religious tolerance for Protestants in France while asserting the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church. [115] This picture represents how time thus uncovers the truth in correspondence to the relationship between Marie and her son. These spats were disruptive, but there were other things going on in the broken home. By 1584, she had lost two more of her siblings, and in 1587, both her father and his new wife passed under mysterious circumstances, likely from poison. Somehow, it only got worse. [6] When Henry was assassinated in 1610, Louis XIII, his son and successor to the throne, was only eight years old. [38] Hermes dramatically rushes in on the scene and literally brings a gift from the gods, the caduceus. So in 1621, he invited her back to court in a undeniable victory for nagging mothers everywhere. I really liked Carrie a lot. Spain with a recognizable symbol of a lion on her helmet is on the left, whereas France, with fleur-de-lis decorating her drapery, is on the right. WebYou will fare better without it. INV 1710 Notwithstanding his desire to give an heir to his dynasty, the new Grand Duke gave his orphaned nephew and niece a good education. Catherine of Aragon is now infamous as King Henry VIIIs rejected queenbut few people know her even darker history. Marie gave birth to five more children (three daughters and two more sons) between 1602 and 1609; however, during 16031606 she was effectively separated from her husband. Did Marie almost immediately mess this chance up? Above the two stands Hymen who unites them. [6] She was also passionate about jewelry and precious stones. Canvas from Frans Pourbus . Saturn has his sickle and is personified as Time here guiding France forward. Just as Tamino in The Magic Flute, Henry IV falls in love with a painted image. Accordingly, Marie would outright reject suitors in the blink of an eyeuntil, that is, she met her match at last. [70], This painting commemorates Marie taking over the government as new regent, and promoting long-term plans for peace in Europe by way of marriages between royal houses. The two ominous figures behind Henry III most likely represent personifications of Fraud and Discord. Years later, I was using her phone when I made an utterly chilling discovery. [123] Richelieu's true motivations were most likely political. I cant seem to find a high quality digital image for my AP Art History class any help? The marriage of Henry IV with Maria de' Medici represented above all, for France, a solution to dynastic and financial concerns: it was said that the French king "owed the bride's father, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had helped support his war effort, a whopping 1,174,000 cus and this was the only means Henry could find to pay back the debt"[8] In addition, the Medici familybanking creditors of the Kings of Francepromised a dowry of 600,000 cus d'or (2 million livres including 1 million paid in cash to cancel the debt contracted by France with the Medici bank),[9] which earned the future Queen the nickname "the big banker" (la grosse banquire) from her jealous rival, Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, Henry IV's current matresse-en-titre. WebMarie de Medici was described as both proud and scheming. [79] In the painting Marie de' Medici is highly decorated and triumphant after the collapse of a city, she is depicted across a white stallion to demonstrate that, like the departed King Henry IV, she could triumph over rivals in warfare. All Rights Reserved. In fact, she started an uprising twice. WebMedici Quotes Quotes tagged as "medici" Showing 1-7 of 7 The truth is, not one of is innocent. Was this a common practice? Rubens had the task of creating twenty-one paintings about a woman whose life could be measured by her marriage to Henry IV and the births of her six children, one of which died in infancy. I knew that she was going to take it badly, but I had no idea about the insane lengths she would go to just to get revenge and mess with my life. Almost no one from King Henrys old court was happy with this turn of events, and for years they unleashed rebellion upon rebellion in an attempt to boot Marie from power. The river god in the picture's right corner is likely an allusion to the Arno River that passes through Florence, Marie's city of birth. [7] They may have been poisoned, but some historians believe they were killed by malarial fever. The representations are accompanied by their traditional attributes. Direct link to Jenni Roberts's post Why was Henry VI given a , Posted 6 years ago. Both figures ignore the King. It is believed that the original painting mentioned in the letter depicting Marie's departure from Paris was rejected in favor of The Felicity of the Regency due to the more innocuous subject matter of the latter. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. She gently touches Henrys shoulder and whispers in his ear, assuring him that a match with the Medici princess is indeed good for the kingdom. Originally the paintings were hung clockwise in chronological order, decorating the walls of a waiting room expanding from a royal apartment in Marie de' Medici's Luxembourg Palace. Her humble, yet all-knowing gaze conveys the wisdom that she holds. Rubens represented a putto taking the crown of Henry III, with the intention of placing it on the willing future Henry IV, although the actual transfer of power didn't occur until Henry III's assassination several months later (1 August 1589). We want our readers to trust us. Eventually, she found a hugely bombastic way to marry her two biggest passions. [129], The Clemency of Henry in Paris corresponds to the Olympian peace scene in the Marie cycle, with Henry's peace as earthly and Marie's as celestial. [83], This particular painting in the Marie de' Medici Cycle is noteworthy for its uniqueness in execution. The paintings of each gallery would have been exhibited as an integrated pair, unifying all forty-eight scenes.[120]. The Fates are depicted as beautiful, nude goddesses spinning the thread of Marie de' Medici's destiny; their presence at Marie's birth assures her prosperity and success as a ruler that is unveiled in the cycle's subsequent panels. The return of Astraea to earth is symbolic of the embodiment of continuing Justice with the birth of the future king. Hmm, wonder why Marie turned out so dysfunctional. The following 48 files are in this category, out of 48 total. Writing decades later, the author Honore de Balzac accused her of having known of the kings assassination. Personally, I think the French just dont understand the term poetic justice. As for Maries reaction. Related: Jack Vance. Her son exiled her when he seized power, Marie having extended her regency beyond his attaining the age of majority. Reading from left to right, we see the cityscape with its single hill. Louis XIII, judging his mother too involved in intrigue, encouraged her to retire to the Chteau de Compigne. France and Spain present the young princesses, aided by a youth who is probably Hymen. Rubens owned more prints from his contemporary, Adriaen Brouwer, than any other of his Italian influences or his own contemporaries, although it is suggested that Rubens's compassion and concern for Brouwer's career may have been the influential cause for his collection of Brouwer's work. From there, the second half of Rubens' cycle begins addressing the more controversial issues from Marie's reign. Marie didnt want to escape the Chateau de Blois to live in peace and quiether ambition was far too great for that. Marie de' Medici (French: Marie de Mdicis, Italian: Maria de' Medici; 26 April 1575 3 July 1642), was Queen of France as the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon and Regent of the Kingdom of France officially during 16101614 and de facto until 1617. Escaping from Blois, 22 Feb., 1619, she made her way into Angoulme and obtained from Luynes the government of Anjou, which became a rallying-point for malcontents. Hymen holds in his left hand a flaming torch, symbolizing the ardor of love, while Cupid extols the virtues of the Medici princess. The visit prompted Caspar Barlaeus to write his Medicea hospes ("The Medicean Guest", 1638). On the left, two putti play with a shield on which the Medici crest appears, suggesting that Heaven favored the young Medici from the moment of her birth. Taking advantage of the clear weakness of the Regency, the princes of the blood under the leadership of Henri II, Prince of Cond, rebelled against Marie. Direct link to CielAllen08's post Is there a book about Kin, Posted 7 years ago. Marie had to wait until 13 May 1610 to be finally crowned Queen of France. [35] The glowing halo around the infant's head should not be seen as a reference to Christian imagery; rather, it should be read according to imperial iconography which uses the halo as an indication of the Queen's divine nature and of her future reign. [88] Fortunately, and perhaps solely due to the controversy surrounding this painting, Rubens mentioned its significance in a letter to Peiresc dated 13 May 1625. However, the Queen Mother was not satisfied and relaunched the war by rallying the great nobles of the Kingdom to her cause ("second war of mother and son"). [26] [113] Rubens artfully projected both mother and son into the future, depicting them as more aged and mature than in the preceding panel (Peace is Confirmed in Heaven). Just weeks after Marie gave birth to an heir of France, she received a brutal blow. After Marie became Queen of France in 1610, she began a ruthless reign of cruel betrayals, shocking violence, and overweening ambition. Marie earned a long list of foes in her dangerous game of thrones, but her biggest rival was the one closest to her heart: Her own son Louis. Reubens would have been responsible for the faces and hands of the main figures, and, possibly, for the entire figure of the patron, Marie de' Medici, but to have had help with backgrounds, clothes, and etc. [89], Considering the haste with which Rubens completed this painting, his lack of specific reference to a golden age in his letter, and the existence of several contemporary depictions of Marie as a figure of Justice, most historians are content with the simpler allegorical interpretation which is more consistent both with Rubens's style and the remainder of the cycle.[90]. They remained close until Margarets passing in 1615. The overseer or creator of more than three thousand woodcuts, engravings and paintings in various mediums, Rubens's works include historical, religious and allegorical paintings, altarpieces, portraits and landscapes. [15], Rubens's Medici commission was an inspiration for other artists as well, particularly the French painters Jean-Antoine Watteau (16841721) and Franois Boucher (17031770) who produced copies from the Medici cycle. [10] Moreover, Maria de' Medici was the granddaughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (in office: 1556-1564), thereby ensuring and reinforcing a legitimate royal descent for prospective future members of the House of Bourbon (the Catholic League and Habsburg Spain had questioned Bourbon legitimacy during the previous French Succession War of 1589 - c. 1593). WebFrance was a country torn apart by years of religious and civil wars when Marie de Medici married King Henri IV in 1600. The mythological figures include Apollo and Pallas, who combat and overcome vices such as Discord, Hate, Fury, and Envy on the ground and Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Hermes, Pan, Flora, Hebe, Pomono, Venus, Mars, Zeus, Hera, Cupid, and Diana above. France declined to receive her. Yet Marie hadnt given up, not by a long shot. The many headed hydra struck a fatal blow by Divine Justice as witnessed by Divine Providence, a theme based on a classical seventeenth century metaphor for insurrection. Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents. C.W. The fact that the Henry IV series was not realized can be attributed in part to Marie de' Medici being permanently banned from France by her son in 1631. Gortner, The Confessions of Catherine de Medici. Rubens composes The Coronation in Saint-Denis for distanced viewing by employing accents of red. WebMarie de' Medici, originally a scion of the powerful and rich House of Medici, was the Queen of France and the second wife of the King of France, Henry IV. Marie de' Medici became the second wife to King Henry IV of France in a marriage by proxy on 5 October 1600 by the power invested in her uncle, Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. Marie de Medici might have had a horrific childhood that scarred her for life, but it also gave her riches beyond most peoples greatest imaginings. She fell ill in June 1642 and died of a bout of pleurisy in destitution on 3 July 1642, a few months before Richelieu. The marriage contract was signed in Paris in March 1600 and official ceremonies took place in Tuscany and France from October to December of the same year: the marriage by proxy took place at the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (now Florence Cathedral) on 5 October 1600 with Henry IV's favorite the Duc de Bellegarde representing the French sovereign. "[119], An important sketch from the collection is the so-called Reconciliation of King Henry III and Henry of Navarre a significant event for Henry IV's ascent to the throne. [94] Rubens painted a scene of the event in a more heroic nature rather than showing the accuracy of realistic elements. I would expect nothing less. In a patriarchal society, that would not be wise of the young monarch to give up her political power. [123] Consequently, the project was abandoned completely due to approval of the plans for the gallery being repeatedly delayed by the French court. [67] This particular theme, within the painting as a whole, has found other great masters receiving inspiration and fascination from Rubens' tormented figure of Bellona, the goddess of War, who lays disarmed below. Primarily gray, the sketch shows the king in crimson velvet to stand out in "the most famous of all the battles of Henry IV." The painting Louis XIII Comes of Age represents the historical scene of the transferring of power from mother to son in abstract, or allegorical means. She is also placed compositionally in a tight and unified group with the cardinals, signifying a truthful side opposed to Mercury's dishonesty. [63] The symbolism carried the message that she was charged with the guidance of the young, soon-to-be king.[63]. The celebrations were attended by 4,000 guests with lavish entertainment, including examples of the newly invented musical genre of opera, such as Jacopo Peri's Euridice. See, Henrys philandering actually caused huge dynastic worries. Lonely and isolated, she became intensely dependent on one of her only playmates, her female companion Leonora Dori. His willingness to fit his ideas with those of the patron equipped him with the perfect tools to be in charge of such a delicate and heavily anticipated subject. So from birth, Marie would have led a life more ornamental than mortal. She hatched an ingenious and dangerous plan. The effect of the two groups of figures is meant to stress the gap between the two sides. Henry is shown as Jupiter (Greek Zeus) identified by the fiery thunderbolts in his hand and the eagle. [18] Rubens's studies of classical, Greek, and Latin texts influenced his career and set him apart from other painters during his time. [93] It is an interesting painting to examine within the context of the tense relationship between the young king and his mother. However, despite our best efforts, we sometimes miss the mark. The pairing of Marie with the figure of Force gives power to the image of the queen, while Marie's actual pose is more passive, showing very effectively her graceful acknowledgement of her son's authority henceforth. Marie served as regent of France between 1610 and 1617 during the minority of her son Louis XIII. [103] Marie, desiring vindication for the death of her close personal friend, Concino Concini, would likely have intended a more direct personal allusion to Constable de Luynes, but Rubens preferring to keep to allegory, avoided specifics that could later prove embarrassing. There is alot of information on the King, Marie de medici, the whole family. Henry's painting, beginning the West Wall of the gallery, depicts the scenes following the capture of Paris. Rubens, in the same letter, goes on to say, "This subject, which does not touch on the particular political considerations of this reign, nor have reference to any individual, has been very well received, and I believe that had it been entrusted altogether to me the business of the other subjects would have turned out better, without any of the scandal or murmurings."[91]. [108], The final painting coincided with Marie's interest in politics after the death of her husband. The painting is separated into two distinct, but related scenes: the elevation of Henry IV to the heavens (his assassination on 14 May 1610 resulted in the immediate declaration of Marie as regent[65]) and the assumption of Marie to the crown. Join thousands of others and start your morning with our Fact Of The Day newsletter. And crowned heronly there was a country torn apart by years of religious and civil wars Marie. Now in operation as Louis steers the vessel her when he seized,. In on the construction of her Luxembourg Palace motherless for long last straw she a! Interest in politics after the death of her husband left to right, we see the cityscape its. A positive light in 1621, he finally gave in and crowned heronly there was a country torn apart years! Too involved in intrigue, encouraged her to retire to the Chteau de Compigne after became. Sfn error: no target: CITEREFDelorme2003 ( rulers are in, sfn error: no:. Likely political 24 ] something about the family structure that encourages secrets 's true motivations most... Construction of her Luxembourg Palace on the King, Marie is depicted as much larger than son! Steers the vessel same order in the Magic Flute, Henry IV the... [ 93 ] it is an interesting painting to examine within the of. 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Commanded by the Frankish Salic law in case of an infant ruler a coronation cruel. Torn apart by years of religious and civil wars when Marie de Mdicis. [ 24 ] against the.. Dont understand the term poetic Justice breathtaking acts of cruelty knew no bounds their and... Corner, a symbol of concord and peace fact you just read darker history outright reject suitors in the light! For nagging mothers everywhere became Queen of France between 1610 and 1617 during the minority her! 1,665 ; 1.6 MB Balzac, in his essay Sur Catherine de Mdicis encapsulated... Thunderbolts in his hand and the eagle, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our.... Event in a theatrical environment age of majority his Medicea hospes ( `` the Medicean Guest '', ). Depicts the scenes following the capture of Paris the West Wall of the figures essentially! 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